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  • Synoptic lab
    • Syllabus
    • Take-home exams
    • Homework
    • Tropical Cyclones
      • Tropical cyclone climatology and overview
      • Tropical cyclone life cycle and motion
      • Tropical cyclone structure
      • Hurricane forecasting learning material
      • Hurricane forecasting tools
      • Storm surge
      • TUTTs and LA/MS flood event of 2016
    • Ocean applications
      • Waves
      • Tides
      • Miscellaneous ocean products
    • Streamlines
    • Regression, MOS, and NBM
    • Forecasting baroclinic systems and other products
      • Analysis
      • Model guidance
      • Model Output Statistics and National Blend of Models
      • Useful forecast products
  • Synoptic class
    • Syllabus
    • Exam Information
    • Homework
    • Stability
      • The Basics
      • The SkewT and related diagnostic tools
      • POP, air mass thunderstorms, sea breeze thunderstorms
      • Severe Weather
    • Map analysis
      • Upper-level synoptic charts
      • Contouring
      • Surface analysis and fronts
      • Vertical structure
      • Jet Streaks
    • Dynamics
      • Review of dynamics
      • Dynamics applications
      • QG Theory and the Omega equation
      • Cyclogenesis and baroclinic instability
    • Modeling
    • Fog
    • Winter Weather
  • Intro Dynamics
    • Syllabus
    • Homework
    • Sample exam questions
    • Introduction (Chap. 1, HH)
    • Basic equations of meteorology (Chap. 2, HH)
    • Imbedded processes in equations of meteorology (Chap. 3, HH). Exam 2 material
    • Imbedded processes in equations of meteorology (Chap. 3, HH). Exam 3 material
    • Planetary boundary layer
    • Vorticity (Chap.4, HH)
    • Pertubation method and atmospheric waves (Chap 5, HH)
  • Numerical methods
    • Syllabus
    • Homework
    • Number Series
    • Interpolation
    • Basic matrix math
    • Filters And Fourier Analysis
    • Numerical derivatives
    • Numerical integration, random numbers, and Monte Carlo
    • Numerical solutions of differential equations and atmospheric modeling
    • Parameterization, data assimilation, and overview on WRF model
    • Final computer exercises
  • Dashboard
Units and constants
  • Derived units for dynamics
  • Useful constants
  • Constants and conversions from Penn State webpage
  • Unit conversion technique
Math basics and basic forces
  • Taylor series, vector math, and the pressure gradient force
  • Pressure gradient force brief quiz
  • Review example on calculating derivatives. More information on formal method from UC Davis is here. Derivatives shortcuts discussed here and here. Online derivative calculator here.
  • Calculating derivative using centered finite difference technique
  • Gravitational and viscous forces
  • Cool stuff - Online calculator for vectors
  • Cool stuff - What is gravity? It's the curvature of spacetime. Learn about Einstein's General Theory of Relativity in this video. Mind-blowing!
Reference frames
  • Basic discussion on references frames
  • Reference frames, centrifugal force and Coriolis force
  • COMET video on Coriolis force (requires COMET account)
  • Earth rotation rate and sidereal day
  • a) More information on the sidereal day. b) Video 
Recorded lecture on units, math basics, and reference frames (quick review of previous in-class lectures)
  • Video of lecture
  • Audio only
Vertical pressure gradient relationships
  • Hydrostatic equation and thickness equation (from Wallace and Hobbs)
  • Thickness equation derivation (from Stull)
  • Refresher on virtual temperature. Also see http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~doswell/virtual/virtual.html and page 14 in my stability notes here
  • Good explanation of hydrostatic equation (from weatherprediction.com)
  • Good explanation of thickness and relationship to mean temperature in layers (from weatherprediction.com)
  • COMET module on thickness
  • Relationship of thickness to tropospheric cold-core cyclones, warm-core cyclone, cold-core anticyclones, and warm-core anticyclones
  • More description on warm-core and cold-core systems
  • Example thickness application: the rain-snow line
  • Real-time model example of rain-snow line: click on 1000-500 mb thickness product here
Recorded lecture on vertical pressure gradient relationships
  • Video of lecture
  • Audio only
Upper-level maps
  • Pressure gradient coordinate transformation
  • Relationship between pressure gradient force on constant heights and isobaric levels
  • General discussion on isobaric maps
  • Isohyse definition. Isohypse (also called "height lines") are shown on constant pressure charts for mandatory levels.
  • Uses for upper-air maps
  • Current constant pressure maps at University of Wisconsin and Unisys Weather
Recorded lecture on upper-level maps
  • Video of lecture
  • Audio only
Surface pressure
  • Is static pressure the weight per unit area? For practical purposes, yes. 1) Proof for x,y, z system . 2) Description of weight .  3) What is a kilogram? 
  • Optional reading. Oddly enough, this definition of pressure may not be completely true for the spherical earth and other planet geometries. See this BAMS article.
  • Surface pressure relationship when including troposphere and stratosphere. A tropospheric "warm-core" high is cold-core in stratosphere, and tropospheric "cold-core" low is warm-core in stratosphere. From Hirschberg and Fritsch (1991).
  • Why is pressure so low in a tropical cyclone? Warm-core in upper-troposphere! Mathematically, it's the dp/p term (manifested as a ln). Explanation here.
Recorded lecture on surface pressure
  • Video of lecture
  • Audio only
Surface pressure adjustment and the sigma coordinate system
  • Different coordinate systems: 1) Sigma ; 2) Hybrid sigma-pressure ; 3) Hybrid sigma-isentrope ; 4) COMET module on vertical coordinate systems 
  • Adjustment to mean sea level pressure, method from Stull
  • Adjustment to mean sea level pressure, method used in mesoscale model MM5
  • Adjustment to mean sea level pressure, using a table (COMET module)
  • Adjustment to ground pressure from mean sea level pressure, method used in mesoscale model MM5
Recorded lecture on surface pressure adjustment and the sigma coordinate system
  • Video of lecture
  • Audio only
Altimeter equation
  • Derivation of height equation for altimeters (Problem 1.16 in HH)
  • Issues with altimeters
  • A pilot's discussion on altimeters
  • Altimeter calculator online
Recorded lecture on altimeter equation
  • Video of lecture
  • Audio only
Length scale analysis
  • Overview
  • Microscale
  • Mesoscale
  • Synoptic scale
  • General scale
Recorded lecture on length scale analysis
  • Video of lecture
  • Audio only
Review of material for test on Feb 3
  • Video of lecture
  • Audio only
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  • Home
  • Contact information
  • Synoptic lab
    • Syllabus
    • Take-home exams
    • Homework
    • Tropical Cyclones
      • Tropical cyclone climatology and overview
      • Tropical cyclone life cycle and motion
      • Tropical cyclone structure
      • Hurricane forecasting learning material
      • Hurricane forecasting tools
      • Storm surge
      • TUTTs and LA/MS flood event of 2016
    • Ocean applications
      • Waves
      • Tides
      • Miscellaneous ocean products
    • Streamlines
    • Regression, MOS, and NBM
    • Forecasting baroclinic systems and other products
      • Analysis
      • Model guidance
      • Model Output Statistics and National Blend of Models
      • Useful forecast products
  • Synoptic class
    • Syllabus
    • Exam Information
    • Homework
    • Stability
      • The Basics
      • The SkewT and related diagnostic tools
      • POP, air mass thunderstorms, sea breeze thunderstorms
      • Severe Weather
    • Map analysis
      • Upper-level synoptic charts
      • Contouring
      • Surface analysis and fronts
      • Vertical structure
      • Jet Streaks
    • Dynamics
      • Review of dynamics
      • Dynamics applications
      • QG Theory and the Omega equation
      • Cyclogenesis and baroclinic instability
    • Modeling
    • Fog
    • Winter Weather
  • Intro Dynamics
    • Syllabus
    • Homework
    • Sample exam questions
    • Introduction (Chap. 1, HH)
    • Basic equations of meteorology (Chap. 2, HH)
    • Imbedded processes in equations of meteorology (Chap. 3, HH). Exam 2 material
    • Imbedded processes in equations of meteorology (Chap. 3, HH). Exam 3 material
    • Planetary boundary layer
    • Vorticity (Chap.4, HH)
    • Pertubation method and atmospheric waves (Chap 5, HH)
  • Numerical methods
    • Syllabus
    • Homework
    • Number Series
    • Interpolation
    • Basic matrix math
    • Filters And Fourier Analysis
    • Numerical derivatives
    • Numerical integration, random numbers, and Monte Carlo
    • Numerical solutions of differential equations and atmospheric modeling
    • Parameterization, data assimilation, and overview on WRF model
    • Final computer exercises
  • Dashboard