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  • Synoptic lab
    • Syllabus
    • Take-home exams
    • Homework
    • Tropical Cyclones
      • Tropical cyclone climatology and overview
      • Tropical cyclone life cycle and motion
      • Tropical cyclone structure
      • Hurricane forecasting learning material
      • Hurricane forecasting tools
      • Storm surge
      • TUTTs and LA/MS flood event of 2016
    • Ocean applications
      • Waves
      • Tides
      • Miscellaneous ocean products
    • Streamlines
    • Regression, MOS, and NBM
    • Forecasting baroclinic systems and other products
      • Analysis
      • Model guidance
      • Model Output Statistics and National Blend of Models
      • Useful forecast products
  • Synoptic class
    • Syllabus
    • Exam Information
    • Homework
    • Stability
      • The Basics
      • The SkewT and related diagnostic tools
      • POP, air mass thunderstorms, sea breeze thunderstorms
      • Severe Weather
    • Map analysis
      • Upper-level synoptic charts
      • Contouring
      • Surface analysis and fronts
      • Vertical structure
      • Jet Streaks
    • Dynamics
      • Review of dynamics
      • Dynamics applications
      • QG Theory and the Omega equation
      • Cyclogenesis and baroclinic instability
    • Modeling
    • Fog
    • Winter Weather
  • Intro Dynamics
    • Syllabus
    • Homework
    • Sample exam questions
    • Introduction (Chap. 1, HH)
    • Basic equations of meteorology (Chap. 2, HH)
    • Imbedded processes in equations of meteorology (Chap. 3, HH). Exam 2 material
    • Imbedded processes in equations of meteorology (Chap. 3, HH). Exam 3 material
    • Planetary boundary layer
    • Vorticity (Chap.4, HH)
    • Pertubation method and atmospheric waves (Chap 5, HH)
  • Numerical methods
    • Syllabus
    • Homework
    • Number Series
    • Interpolation
    • Basic matrix math
    • Filters And Fourier Analysis
    • Numerical derivatives
    • Numerical integration, random numbers, and Monte Carlo
    • Numerical solutions of differential equations and atmospheric modeling
    • Parameterization, data assimilation, and overview on WRF model
    • Final computer exercises
  • Dashboard
. Turbulence around small objects, and basic property of laminar flow in fluid dynamics
  • Laminar flow
  • Reynolds number
  • Video on microscale turbulence
On scales relevant to mesoscale and synoptic scale
  • The basics
  • Turbulence basics
  • Definition of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), also called the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)
  • Plot of key components of the PBL
  • Stull's overview on the PBL
  • Highlights from HH, Chapter 8
  • Diurnal wind variation in the PBL. The nocturnal jet. 
  • Relevant definitions
               Ekman layer. 
               Hodograph. Graphical examples  
               Ekman spiral. Graphical example one. Graphical example two. 
               Surface layer
               Logarithmic wind profile. Graphical example with stability influence.
               Turbulent stress
               Surface wind stress. Note: The vertical derivative of wind stress is applied in numerical models to quantify PBL "friction" 
               Friction velocity
               Roughness length. Typical range of values. Plot of values.
               Eddy viscosity. Examples of K formulations: Figure one. Figure two.
​               Mixing length . Example of mixing length formulations .
               Drag coefficient. Typical land values. Ocean values as a function of wind and sea state  (current estimated ranges).
  • Bulk formulas
  • Other wind profile equations. Alternatives to the logarithmic wind profile. Rare document from Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, dated 1968.
  • Dependence of wind profile power law on stability class.Table I gives Pasquill classes, and Table V is the main result.
  • Values for Deacon wind profile parameter. Paper on Deacon wind profile parameters
  • Online wind profile calculator, power law and log law
  • Empirical conversions relating winds measurements from seconds up to one-hour​
               Conversion for wind gusts and different time averages for sustained winds
               Gust factors (see Fig. 14)
               WInd gusts in tropical cyclones
Video lectures
  • Laminar flow. Audio only.
  • PBL lecture one. Audio only.
  • PBL lecture two. Audio only.
  • PBL lecture three. Audio only.
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  • Home
  • Contact information
  • Synoptic lab
    • Syllabus
    • Take-home exams
    • Homework
    • Tropical Cyclones
      • Tropical cyclone climatology and overview
      • Tropical cyclone life cycle and motion
      • Tropical cyclone structure
      • Hurricane forecasting learning material
      • Hurricane forecasting tools
      • Storm surge
      • TUTTs and LA/MS flood event of 2016
    • Ocean applications
      • Waves
      • Tides
      • Miscellaneous ocean products
    • Streamlines
    • Regression, MOS, and NBM
    • Forecasting baroclinic systems and other products
      • Analysis
      • Model guidance
      • Model Output Statistics and National Blend of Models
      • Useful forecast products
  • Synoptic class
    • Syllabus
    • Exam Information
    • Homework
    • Stability
      • The Basics
      • The SkewT and related diagnostic tools
      • POP, air mass thunderstorms, sea breeze thunderstorms
      • Severe Weather
    • Map analysis
      • Upper-level synoptic charts
      • Contouring
      • Surface analysis and fronts
      • Vertical structure
      • Jet Streaks
    • Dynamics
      • Review of dynamics
      • Dynamics applications
      • QG Theory and the Omega equation
      • Cyclogenesis and baroclinic instability
    • Modeling
    • Fog
    • Winter Weather
  • Intro Dynamics
    • Syllabus
    • Homework
    • Sample exam questions
    • Introduction (Chap. 1, HH)
    • Basic equations of meteorology (Chap. 2, HH)
    • Imbedded processes in equations of meteorology (Chap. 3, HH). Exam 2 material
    • Imbedded processes in equations of meteorology (Chap. 3, HH). Exam 3 material
    • Planetary boundary layer
    • Vorticity (Chap.4, HH)
    • Pertubation method and atmospheric waves (Chap 5, HH)
  • Numerical methods
    • Syllabus
    • Homework
    • Number Series
    • Interpolation
    • Basic matrix math
    • Filters And Fourier Analysis
    • Numerical derivatives
    • Numerical integration, random numbers, and Monte Carlo
    • Numerical solutions of differential equations and atmospheric modeling
    • Parameterization, data assimilation, and overview on WRF model
    • Final computer exercises
  • Dashboard